The impact of climate change on population health in Indonesia

1. Introduction

Climate change is the greatest environmental challenge facing the world today. Rising global temperatures will bring changes in weather patterns, rising sea levels and increased frequency and intensity of extreme weather.

Since the 1980s, the outcomes of climatic change on human health have received more attention. WHO expects the excess risk from climate change to more than double by 2030. Although these estimates are highly uncertain, they make the point that the potential impacts of future climate change on human health are likely to be considerable (Huntingford, Hemming, Gash, Gedney, & Nuttall, 2007).

The Impact of Visit Frequency on the Relationship between Service Quality and Outpatient Satisfaction: A South Korean Study

Objective. To examine the relative impact of four service quality dimensions on outpatient satisfaction and to test the invariance of the structural relationships between the service quality dimensions and satisfaction across three patient groups of varying numbers of prior visits to the same hospital as outpatients.

The evaluation of anti-tobacco program in Indonesia

social marketing

1.1. Definition

Social Marketing is applies marketing techniques to social psychology theories in order to bring about population-wide behavior change. The most commonly used technique is mass media promotion, which borrows heavily from traditional marketing and the ‘four Ps of marketing’ – product, price, place and promotion (Egger, Spark et al., 1990 cited in Baum, F. 2008).

1.2. Social Marketing in Public Health

To confront the chronic disease epidemic that threatens to determine human health in the twenty-first century, public health practice must begin to focus on far more than providing basic medical care. To establish a favorable environment for human well-being, public health practitioners must concentrate on affecting social change by helping to modify individual behaviors and lifestyles, improve social and economic conditions, and reform social policies. (Siegel, M & Lotenberg, L.D. 2007).

Patient Satisfaction

Health care provider and policymakers are increasingly using patient satisfaction measures to assess the performance of health care organizations (Hibbard and Jewett 1996; Zaslavsky et al. 2000, Cited in Cho, W.H. Lee, H. Kim, C. Lee, S. and Choi, K.S. 2004). International accreditation agencies, such as the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO) and the National Committee on Quality Assurance (NCQA), have included satisfaction as a quality indicator (Fahad, F. A. 2005).

Patient opinions are important because dissatisfaction suggests opportunities for improvement. Patient satisfaction can lead to a higher rate of patient retention which affects customer loyalty (Nelson et al. 1992, Cited in Cho, W.H. Lee, H. Kim, C. Lee, S. and Choi, K.S. 2004).

Past research on patient satisfaction has also found a linkage between satisfaction and hospital utilization. Several studies presented evidence for an inverse relationship between satisfaction and the frequency of patient visits (Linn, Linn, and Stein 1982; Pascoe & Attkinsson 1983; West 1976). Given the prevailing view in the consumer behaviour literature that patient satisfaction has positively affects to loyalty. (Nelson et al. 1992, Cited in Hannele, H. Pekka, L. Kaija, N. 2001).